After the Fourth Crusade the Duchy of Athens was established. Some people would argue that this freedom was only due to the need for extensive child birth, but freedom is freedom. Lycabettus, Philopappos hill and the area around it, including Pnyx and Ardettos hill, are planted with pines and other trees, with the character of a small forest rather than typical metropolitan parkland. Cafe in Monastiraki & Psyrri. The regional units of Central Athens, North Athens, South Athens, West Athens and Piraeus with part of East[80] and West Attica[81] regional units combined make up the continuous Athens Urban Area,[81][82][83] also called the "Urban Area of the Capital" or simply "Athens" (the most common use of the term), spanning over 412 km2 (159 sq mi),[84] with a population of 3,090,508 people as of 2011. Athens expanded its settlement in the second half of the Middle Byzantine Period, in the 9th to 10th centuries AD, and was relatively prosperous during the Crusades, benefiting from Italian trade. 201–216. (2001). Stathopoulou M., Cartalis C., Andritsos A. [43] A 2019 crime index from Numbeo places Athens at 130th position, rating safer than Tampa, Florida or Dublin, Ireland. Outside Crete, Athens, and the Ottoman-era Cretan Greek Muslims also speak the dialect. For example, Kifissia and Glyfada serve as inter-municipal centres for northern and southern suburbs respectively. Quand partir ? Ahead of Eurovision 2020, she had plans to work her magic like a true “Superg!rl” on the Rotterdam stage. Over the past decade, the city's infrastructure and social amenities have improved, in part because of its successful bid to stage the 2004 Olympic Games. After 1930, wavering among American and European musical influences as well as the Greek musical tradition. In 2014, the airport handled 15,196,369 passengers, an increase of 21.2% over the previous year of 2013. Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public, usually through donations, such as Schliemann's Iliou Melathron. The Port of Piraeus is the largest port in Greece and one of the largest in Europe. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Athena-Greek-mythology, Roman and Greek Gods - Facts about Athena, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens - Faculty of History and Archaeology - Athena’s Peplos: Weaving as a Core Female Activity in Ancient and Modern Greece, Athena - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Athena - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). "Assessing the thermal environment of major cities in Greece". [49][50][51] Dut to the large area covered by Athens Metropolitan Area, there are notable climatic differences between parts of the urban conglomeration. And while coronavirus may have delayed her dream, Greece’s Stefania is now recording the five songs she’ll choose from for Eurovision 2021. ", "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", "Εξαπλασιάστηκαν σε μία πενταετία οι τουρίστες στην πρωτεύουσα, Του Ηλία Μπέλλου | Kathimerini", "Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures (pdf) page 5", "Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures (pdf) page 6", "Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures (pdf) page 11", "Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures (pdf) page 15", "Athens Urban Transport Network in Facts and Figures (pdf) page 13", "Athens International Airport: Facts and Figures", "Athens International Airport: Airport Profile", "ATHENS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT "EL.VENIZELOS, "Athens International Airport: Passenger Traffic Development 2007", "Athens International Airport: Air Traffic Movements Development 2007", "Piraeus port in Athens – Greek island ferries", "Piraeus Port Remains Top Passenger Port in Europe", "Piraeus becomes the biggest port in the Med in terms of container traffic, Ilias Bellos | Kathimerini", "Çeşme-Athens ferry services for passenger, freight transport begin", "Turkish Company Launches Ferry Services Between Athens and Izmir | GreekReporter.com", "1973: Army deposes 'hated' Greek president", "Ιδιωτικά Πανεπιστήμια στην Ελλάδα – Private Universities in Greece", "The Value of Studying Tradition According to Aris Konstantinidis, Through His Book 'The Old Athenian Houses'(in Greek)", "Athens 21st Century – Athens Olympic Stadium", "Athens 21st Century – The Olympic Coastal Complex", "Olympic ticket sales officially top 3.5-million mark", "As Olympic Glow Fades, Athens Questions $15 Billion Cost", "After The Party: What happens when the Olympics leave town", "Four years after Athens Greeks have Olympics blues", Official website of the Municipality of Athens, Remains of the Acharnian Road, Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site, House of Saint Philothei/Benizelos-Palaiologos mansion, Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite, Syntagma Metro Station Archaeological Collection, Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies, Athens International Airport Archaeological Collection, Centre for the Study of Traditional Pottery, Museum of the History of the Greek Costume, Museum of Anthropology of University of Athens, Zoological Museum of the University of Athens, Institutional seats of the European Union, Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athens&oldid=999691210, Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Greece, Populated places established in the 5th century BC, Populated places in Central Athens (regional unit), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Instances of Lang-el using second unnamed parameter, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Panhellenic titles in Basketball, Volleyball, Handball, many honours in Track and Field, Football, Basketball, Volleyball and others, One of the most successful Greek clubs, many titles in many sports. Athena’s moral and military superiority to Ares derives in part from the fact that she represents the intellectual and civilized side of war and the virtues of justice and skill, whereas Ares represents mere blood lust. [53] The urban heat island of the city has also been found to be partially responsible for alterations of the climatological temperature time-series of specific Athens meteorological stations, because of its impact on the temperatures and the temperature trends recorded by some meteorological stations. The basin is bounded by four large mountains: Mount Aigaleo to the west, Mount Parnitha to the north, Mount Pentelicus to the northeast and Mount Hymettus to the east. The Athens Stock Exchange, the only in Greece, has been severely hit by the Greek government-debt crisis and the decision of the government to proceed into capital controls during summer 2015. Another important Athenian sport club is the Athens Tennis Club founded in 1895 with important offer for the Greek tennis.[162]. Athena was probably a pre-Hellenic goddess and was later taken over by the Greeks. Beside the above clubs, inside the boundaries of Athens Municipality there are some more clubs with presence in national divisions or notable action for short periods. For the town of ancient Pisidia, see, Capitals of European states and territories, Neighbourhoods of the Center of Athens (Municipality of Athens), Population of the Athens Metropolitan Area, S. Immerwahr, The Athenian Agora XIII: the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, Princeton 1971. Both Athens and Sparta used their women as tools for bearing children above all other things. More than 240,000 people voted. The network covers the majority of the Athens coastline. With Greece in the middle of a coronavirus pandemic and having just successfully dealt with a major migration crisis asymmetrically launched by Turkey, anarcho-feminists have taken the opportunity under the cover of darkness on the lockdown quiet streets of Athens to vandalise a church for their political agenda. Best Greek Restaurants in Athens, Attica: Find Tripadvisor traveler reviews of Athens Greek restaurants and search by price, location, and more. Other notable clubs within Athens are Athinaikos, Panionios, Atromitos, Apollon, Panellinios, Ethnikos Piraeus, Maroussi BCE and Peristeri B.C.. Athenian clubs have also had domestic and international success in other sports. The qualities that lead to victory are found on the aegis, or breastplate, that Athena wears when she goes to war: fear, strife, defense, and assault. [citation needed] Christian Lobeck proposed as the root of the name the word ἄθος (áthos) or ἄνθος (ánthos) meaning "flower", to denote Athens as the "flowering city". Piraeus also forms a significant city centre on its own,[79] within the Athens Urban Area and it is the second largest in population size within it, with Peristeri, Kallithea and Kypseli following. The Athens commuter rail service, referred to as the "Proastiakós", connects Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport to the city of Kiato, 106 km (66 mi)[131] west of Athens, via Larissa station, the city's central rail station and the port of Piraeus. The largest and oldest university in Athens is the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Santamouris M., Papanikolaou N., Livada I., Koronakis I., Georgakis A., Assimakopoulos D.N. Two Athenians, the sculptor Phidias and the playwright Aeschylus, contributed significantly to the cultural dissemination of Athena’s image. Ludwig von Döderlein proposed the stem of the verb θάω, stem θη- (tháō, thē-, "to suck") to denote Athens as having fertile soil. Athens was voted as the third best European city to visit in 2015 by European Best Destination. Kifissos provides connections towards Peloponnese, North Greece, West Greece and some Ionian Islands, whereas Liosion is used for most of Central Greece. According to the ancient Athenian founding myth, Athena, the goddess of wisdom, competed against Poseidon, the God of the Seas, for patronage of the yet-unnamed city;[24] they agreed that whoever gave the Athenians the better gift would become their patron[24] and appointed Cecrops, the king of Athens, as the judge. "[38] A series of measures taken by the authorities of the city throughout the 1990s resulted in the improvement of air quality; the appearance of smog (or nefos as the Athenians used to call it) has become less common. It is the largest container port in East Mediterranean Sea Basin. By the mid-4th century BC, the northern Greek kingdom of Macedon was becoming dominant in Athenian affairs. Along with national institutions, such as the Athens University and the Archaeological Society, there are multiple archaeological Museums including the National Archaeological Museum, the Cycladic Museum, the Epigraphic Museum, the Byzantine & Christian Museum, as well as museums at the ancient Agora, Acropolis, Kerameikos, and the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum. The most successful songs during the period 1870–1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades (Αθηναϊκές καντάδες), based on the Heptanesean kantádhes (καντάδες 'serenades'; sing. The Italian Embassy in Vasilissis Sofias Avenue. Greek composers begin to write music using the tunes of the tango, waltz, swing, foxtrot, some times combined with melodies in the style of Athenian serenades' repertory. [164], In 2008 it was reported that most of the Olympic venues had fallen into disrepair: according to those reports, 21 of the 22 facilities built for the games had either been left abandoned or are in a state of dereliction, with several squatter camps having sprung up around certain facilities, and a number of venues afflicted by vandalism, graffiti or strewn with rubbish. [10] In modern times, Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime, political and cultural life in Greece. All over the city can be found several statues or busts. Athena, also spelled Athene, in Greek religion, the city protectress, goddess of war, handicraft, and practical reason, identified by the Romans with Minerva. Athens. Other forms of song popular today in Greece are elafrolaika, entechno, dimotika, and skyladika. Athena was customarily portrayed wearing body armour and a helmet and carrying a shield and a lance. In Homer’s Iliad, Athena, as a war goddess, inspires and fights alongside the Greek heroes; her aid is synonymous with military prowess. In the 1950s and 1960s during the extension and development of Athens, other modern movements such as the International style played an important role. [163] Some of the finest sporting venues in the world were created in the city, all of which were fully ready for the games. 24, Issue 12, pp.1296–1302. Despite the variety in styles, there is evidence of continuity in elements of the architectural environment through the city's history.[19]. [20] It was to be the second time Athens would host the games, following the inaugural event of 1896. ACHILLES Ἀχιλλεύς m Greek Mythology (Latinized), Ancient Greek (Latinized) From the Greek Ἀχιλλεύς (Achilleus), which is of unknown meaning, perhaps derived from Greek ἄχος (achos) meaning "pain" or else from the name of the Achelous River. Athena appears in Homer’s Odyssey as the tutelary deity of Odysseus, and myths from later sources portray her similarly as helper of Perseus and Heracles (Hercules). The city also ranked 35th in Digital Security, 21st on Health Security, 29th on Infrastructure Security and 41st on Personal Security globally in a 2017 The Economist Intelligence Unit report. The Cephissus river, the Ilisos and the Eridanos stream are the historical rivers of Athens. 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Nikos Gounaris was probably the most renowned composer and singer of the time. [88] During the Greek Dark Ages the population of Athens was around 4,000 people. When Demetrius of Phalerum conducted a population census in 317 BC the population was 21,000 free citizens, plus 10,000 resident aliens and 400,000 slaves. That she ultimately became allegorized to personify wisdom and righteousness was a natural development of her patronage of skill. This legacy would continue as, later, Plato would found his Academy outside the walls of Athens in 385 BCE and, later, Aristotle 's Lyceum would be founded in the city center. The route in its entirety provides visitors with views of the Parthenon and the Agora (the meeting point of ancient Athenians), away from the busy City Centre. As a whole the economy of Athens and Greece has been severely hit with today's data showing a change from long recession to growth of 1.4% in 2017. She was thought to have had neither consort nor offspring. At any given time, hundreds of international scholars and researchers in all disciplines of archaeology are to be found in the city. The Athens city coastline, extending from the major commercial port of Piraeus to the southernmost suburb of Varkiza for some 25 km (20 mi),[76] is also connected to the City Centre by tram. [129] The spring 2007 extension from Monastiraki westwards to Egaleo connected some of the main night life hubs of the city, namely those of Gazi (Kerameikos station) with Psirri (Monastiraki station) and the City Centre (Syntagma station). Mavros takes a few side trips to some other Greek locations—Crete, Delphi and Thessaloniki—until returning to Athens and the kidnapping of a Greek shipping magnate in the most recent in the series, The White Sea (2014). At the time, it was reduced to a town of about 4,000 people in a loose swarm of houses along the foot of the Acropolis. In 1896, Athens hosted the first modern Olympic Games. In the whole of Athenian territory they existed many towns. The table below shows the historical population of Athens in recent times. Jump to phrases. The densely built up urban area of the Greek capital sprawls across 412 km2 (159 sq mi)[16] throughout the Attica Basin and has a total population of 3,074,160 (in 2011). In post-Mycenaean times the city, especially its citadel, replaced the palace as Athena’s domain. Watch Maldini: "Athens was written in our destiny" - A.C. MILAN OFFICIAL on Dailymotion [125] Of those 1,839 buses 416 run on compressed natural gas,[125] making up the largest fleet of natural gas-powered buses in Europe[126] and all trolleybuses are equipped to enable them to run on diesel in case of power failure.[127]. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. As the guardian of the welfare of kings, Athena became the goddess of good counsel, of prudent restraint and practical insight, as well as of war. A second Olympic complex, next to the sea at the beach of Palaio Faliro, also features modern stadia, shops and an elevated esplanade. [135] The airport, awarded the "European Airport of the Year 2004" Award,[136] is intended as an expandable hub for air travel in southeastern Europe and was constructed in 51 months, costing 2.2 billion euros. The city also retains Roman and Byzantine monuments, as well as a smaller number of Ottoman monuments, while its historical urban core features elements of continuity through its millennia of history. [24] In both versions, Athena offered the Athenians the first domesticated olive tree. Ancient Greek literature is literature written in the Ancient Greek language from the earliest texts until the time of the Byzantine Empire.The earliest surviving works of ancient Greek literature, dating back to the early Archaic period, are the two epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey, set in an idealized archaic past today identified as having some relation to the Mycenaean era. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Greek gods and goddesses could be many things, but they were never boring. For the Athenians the most popular way of dividing the downtown is through its neighbourhoods such as Pagkrati, Ambelokipi, Goudi, Exarcheia, Patissia, Ilissia, Petralona, Plaka, Anafiotika, Koukaki and Kypseli, each with its own distinct history and characteristics. Athens' other major stadium, located in the Piraeus area, is the Karaiskakis Stadium, a sports and entertainment complex, host of the 1971 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final. By this process Athens has engulfed many former suburbs and villages in Attica, and continues to do so. The length of Athens's commuter rail network extends to 120 km (75 mi),[131] and is expected to stretch to 281 km (175 mi) by 2010. [20] Prior to this round, the cities of Buenos Aires, Stockholm and Cape Town had been eliminated from competition, having received fewer votes.[20]. Thanks to his efforts, Athens was awarded the first modern Olympic Games. [163], The 2004 Games were judged a success, as both security and organization worked well, and only a few visitors reported minor problems mainly concerning accommodation issues. Athens was awarded the 2004 Summer Olympics on 5 September 1997 in Lausanne, Switzerland, after having lost a previous bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympics, to Atlanta, United States. [41], Athens ranks in the lowest percentage for the risk on frequency and severity of terrorist attacks according to the EU Global Terrorism Database (EIU 2007–2016 calculations). The municipality of Piraeus, the historic Athenian port, with 4 other municipalities make up the regional unit of Piraeus. She was particularly known as the patroness of spinning and weaving. The population of the unincorporated communities below is not mentioned here. The 2004 Summer Olympics required the development of the Athens Olympic Stadium, which has since gained a reputation as one of the most beautiful stadiums in the world, and one of its most interesting modern monuments. [134], Athens is served by the Athens International Airport (ATH), located near the town of Spata, in the eastern Messoghia plain, some 35 km (22 mi) east of center of Athens. She may not have been described as a virgin originally, but virginity was attributed to her very early and was the basis for the interpretation of her epithets Pallas and Parthenos. A significant landmark is also the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Syntagma. Theseus was responsible, according to the myth, for the synoikismos ("dwelling together")—the political unification of Attica under Athens. The Presidential Mansion, formerly the Crown Prince Palace, in Herodou Attikou Street. [129] It then ascends to ground level and continues to Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport, using the Suburban Railway infrastructure, extending its total length to 39 km (24 mi). The route starts from the Temple of Olympian Zeus at Vasilissis Olgas Avenue, continues under the southern slopes of the Acropolis near Plaka, and finishes just beyond the Temple of Hephaestus in Thiseio. Athens had by this time become a significant naval power with a large fleet, and helped the rebellion of the Ionian cities against Persian rule. Also to be found is the Pedion tou Areos (Field of Mars) of 27.7 hectares, near the National Archaeological Museum. Athens is one of the major economic centres in south-eastern Europe and is considered as a regional economic power in Europe generally. Many of Classical civilization’s intellectual and artistic ideas originated there, and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization. [24] According to the account given by Pseudo-Apollodorus, Poseidon struck the ground with his trident and a salt water spring welled up. The splendid sport report of book 23 containing the funeral games in honour of Patroclus spends 391 verses on the topic of chariot racing. A fleet of 42 trains, using 252 carriages, operates on the network,[129] with a daily occupancy of 1,353,000 passengers.[130]. "Mesoscale and macroscale aspects of the morning Urban Heat Island around Athens, Greece", Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 94, pp. The atmosphere of such a competition is described in full detail in the Iliad, the oldest literary work written in the Greek alphabetic script. The rapid expansion of the modern city, which continues to this day, was initiated in the 1950s and 1960s, because of Greece's transition from an agricultural to an industrial nation. The meteorology of Athens is deemed to be one of the most complex in the world because its mountains cause a temperature inversion phenomenon which, along with the Greek Government's difficulties controlling industrial pollution, was responsible for the air pollution problems the city has faced. Athens welcomed more than 5 million tourists in 2018 and 1,4 million of them were "city-breakers" (in 2013 the city-breakers were only 220.000). [26] Athenians were called cicada-wearers (Ancient Greek: Τεττιγοφόροι) because they used to wear pins of golden cicadas. The Athens Metropolitan Area (Greek: Μητροπολιτική Περιοχή της Αθήνας), also commonly known in English as Greater Athens,[85] spans 2,928.717 km2 (1,131 sq mi) within the Attica region and includes a total of 58 municipalities, which are organized in seven regional units (those outlined above, along with East Attica and West Attica), having reached a population of 3,737,550 based on the preliminary results of the 2011 census. Apart from the neoclassicals by Leonidas Drosis at the Academy of Athens (Plato, Socrates, Apollo, Athena), other notable include the statue of Theseus by Georgios Fytalis at Thiseion, of philhellenes like Lord Byron, George Canning and William Gladstone, the equestrian statue of Theodoros Kolokotronis by Lazaros Sochos in front of the Old Parliament, statues of Ioannis Kapodistrias, Rigas Feraios and Adamantios Korais at the University, of Evangelos Zappas and Konstantinos Zappas at Zappeion, of Ioannis Varvakis at the National Garden, the "woodbreaker" by Dimitrios Filippotis, the equestrian statue of Alexandros Papagos at Papagou district and various busts of fighters of Greek independence at the Pedion tou Areos. The Stadiou Street in Central Athens in 1908. Athens, historic city and capital of Greece. of the 10th International Conference on Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics, Patras, Greece, 25–28 May 2010, pp. "Indications of the Urban Heat Island in Athens, Greece". Κωνσταντίνος Μαυρογιάννης, Αθήναι (1981). The city is also home to the Demokritos laboratory for Archaeometry, alongside regional and national archaeological authorities that form part of the Greek Department of Culture. Numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports, including the Athens Chapter of the Sierra Club, which leads over 4,000 outings annually in the area. In January 2007, Athens faced a waste management problem when its landfill near Ano Liosia, an Athenian suburb, reached capacity. From that point forward, preparations continued at a highly accelerated, almost frenzied pace. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. There are overall ten state-supported Institutions of Higher (or Tertiary) education located in the Athens Urban Area, these are by chronological order: Athens School of Fine Arts (1837), National Technical University of Athens (1837), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (1837), Agricultural University of Athens (1920), Athens University of Economics and Business (1920), Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences (1927), University of Piraeus (1938), Harokopio University of Athens (1990), School of Pedagogical and Technological Education (2002), University of West Attica (2018). [129] The line connects the western suburbs of Athens with the southeast suburbs, passing through the center of Athens. Solar Energy, 70, 3, pp. [163] The only observable problem was a somewhat sparse attendance of some early events. The playwrights typically also composed the music, choreographed the dances and directed the actors. 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Greece then inspired the literature that has been a Destination for travellers since antiquity Csa. Urban area association with the acropolises of various Greek cities probably stemmed the... '', `` Founda D. ( 2011 ) best entertainment in Athens and the Eridanos stream are the historical of! To open air Garden cinemas is about a city in Europe Intercity ( Ktel ) and a! ( requires login ) that tell exciting stories about warfare, travel and the collective. Home to three European multi-sport clubs: Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK.... Mother, so that she emerged full-grown from his forehead the Duchy of Athens is Bakoyannis... Provided by a number of Neoclassical buildings the Roman Agora and the Ottoman-era Cretan Greek Muslims speak...