I am happy to note that just like in 2016, when the national HDR focused on Human Security and Human Development in Nigeria and underlined the imperative of Human Security across the board, the focus of this Report on Nigerias North East is equally timely. 3 Fig.1.3 Map of Nigeria Showing the Location of the North-East Region 4 Fig.1.4 North East Nigeria showing the six states 6 Fig.1.5 Adamawa State showing the 21 LGAs 7 Fig.1.6 Bauchi State showing the 20 LGAs 8 Fig.1.7 Borno State showing the 27 LGAs 9 monthly rainfall and temperature in Northern region based on Bauchi station. characterized rain day patterns, with the highest rain day period in 1999 and lowest in 1987. The riverine area of the Niger Delta is a coastal belt of swamps bordering the Atlantic ocean.The swamps are vegetated tidal flats formed by a reticulate pattern of interconnected meandering creeks and tributaries of the Niger River. Monthly Rainfall in Major Cities of Nigeria OlaOluwa S. Yaya1, Luis A. Gil-Alana2 and Abayomi A. Akomolafe3 Several features may be present in rainfall data, and sophisticated time series procedures are needed for the analysis. Annual Weather Averages in Port Harcourt. Annual rainfall varies in Nigeria. HtVMs6Wv, 8S$44- Jr;EJX}xw7mVLz}!KEm_7q?E2qvwU~/XfLoMyW":?_*izN2i,eOa9f+) He employed univariate Box-Jenkins method to analyze rainfall in the region and found that SARIMA model is suitable for forecasting future value of monthly rainfall and temperature data and used this model to forecast 12-month rainfall pattern in the study area. Based on weather reports collected during 20052015. Article/chapter can be downloaded. In this paper, Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Coefficient of Variability statistical tools Bello (1998) extended the work and compared the seasonality of rainfall distribution in Nigeria for two climate Nigeria GeoGraphy, climate aNd populatioN Nigeria is located in the tropical zone of West Africa between latitudes 4N and 14N almost all year round, rainfall patterns are marked by distinct wet and dry seasons. The paper is designed to study the rainfall patterns and its implications in Nigeria. While there is a general decrease in rainfall in Nigeria, the coastal area is experiencing slight increase. Nigeria.Accesstolandhasbeenshown It decreases from the south to the north, the rainfall comes late and not evenly spread across the rainy season and consequently has adverse effect on agricultural activities (Iloeje, 1981). View the article PDF and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. Statistical approach was deployed to determine the confidence levels, coefficients of kurtosis, skewness and coefficient of variations. 0000008944 00000 n endstream endobj 32 0 obj<> endobj 33 0 obj<> endobj 34 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 35 0 obj<> endobj 36 0 obj<> endobj 37 0 obj<> endobj 38 0 obj<> endobj 39 0 obj<> endobj 40 0 obj<> endobj 41 0 obj<> endobj 42 0 obj<>stream The . A., 3UDOLISA, R. E. K. AND 3A. Article/chapter can not be redistributed. Rainfall is the most important natural factor that determines the agricultural production in Nigeria, particularly in the South western part of Nigeria. Here is the average rainfall. Rainfall is concentrated in the period June-September. annual rainfall distribution while the output of yam between1992 and1996followed the pattern of rainfall distribution but from 1997 to 2009the outputs of yam do not follow the, trend again. 31 0 obj <> endobj The issue of climate change appears to be on the fore burner and it cannot be ascertained to occur without evidence. Ezekiel A.A. 2, Ganiyu, M.O. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Over northern Nigeria, rainfall was observed to decrease in an irregular pattern which intensified over time from 1921 to 2000 (Olaniran, 2002). action on climate change, is helping adaptation efforts in developing countries. Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University. Keywords: Nigeria, Southern, Rainfall, Normal distribution, Probability distribution, and Regression. Lower rainfall in the north, for example, reduces the availability of trees and biomass for Annual Weather Averages Near Ibadan. rainfall series over these regions depict major climatic discontinuity. 0000002047 00000 n Abstract: The pattern of rainfall in Akure has been haphazard, because it has not followed its natural trend for a long time as a result of climate change effect. Rainfall in Nigeria is highly dynamic and variable on a temporal and spatial scale. N and longitude 8. On the Annual and Seasonal Pattern of Rainfall Fluctuations in Sub-Saharan West Africa. O. COLE Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria1 Nigeria Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Victoria Inland, Lagos State, Nigeria 2 xb```VL~g`0pLr"wx``_Pzf)DDS$Ot Drought or dry spells at the beginning or end of the season had a constant reoccurrence decimal since the beginning of the 20th century. 0000003239 00000 n 0000007715 00000 n S.A. 4 1,2&3. This research aimed to examine the trend of rainfall in Akure using 50 years rainfall data. sources. The underlying cause of most droughts can be related to changing weather patterns such as low rainfall, reduced cloud cover and greater evaporation rates 0000000776 00000 n In the central area, where the rainy season is longer, the sunshine hours decrease for a longer period. Achieving Human Development for Nigerias North East. Deficiency in total annual precipitation is a problem in parts of the country, particularly in the northern parts. 0000010416 00000 n Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2019, Rainfall Dynamics and Climate Change in Kano, Nigeria, Simulation of Meteorological Drought of Bankura District, West Bengal: Comparative Study between Exponential Smoothing and Machine Learning Procedures, Developing a regional drought climatology for the Czech Republic, Drought Analysis in Ceyhan Basin Using Standardized Precipitation Index, Comparative analyses of SPI and SPEI as drought assessment tools in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. rainfall years are in both the modelling and the validation periods. In Abuja, rainfall amounts to 1,200 mm (47 in) per year, including more than 100 mm (4 in) per month from May to October. Apart from the general southward shift in rainfall patterns, the duration has also reduced from 50-360 (1993-2003) to 30-280 (2003-2013) rainy days per year. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Rainfall in the Nigerian Sudano Sahelian region is characterized by considerable fluctuations and periods of diminishing annual totals especially in recent years. A large amount of work has already been carried out by many countries on assessing impacts and vulnerabilities to climate change, as well as considering possible adaptation options. Energy: Climate change is expected to negatively impact the already limited electrical power supply in Nigeria, through impacts on hydroelectric and thermal generation (Ebele and Emodi, 2016). ~YR#y[>nu Although many findings considering In Nigeria, the climate is tropical, semi-arid in the far north, and progressively rainier as you move southward. 0 Fig.1.1 Nigeria Population Structure, 2016 2 Fig.1.2 Nigeria Demography by State and Sex. The Nigeria. Obot et al., (2011) studied the trends of rainfall in Abeokuta, Nigeria between 1981-2002. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Averages are for Ibadan Airport, which is 4 miles from Ibadan. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Rainfall is one of the climatic factors that can indicate climate change. Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. distribution of rainfall, climate pattern and hyrdogeological units from the coastal areas to the Sahel regions of Nigeria provide a framework for the identification of the threats in terms of quantity and quality. Climate data and weather averages in Ibadan. Article/chapter can not be redistributed. 0000003487 00000 n 0000010138 00000 n Nigeria are farmers and rainfall is the major source of water for growing of crops. climate change, many scholars have engaged in studying various element of climate to understand the present pattern and characteristic of climate. Article/chapter can be printed. The rainfall pattern has also enhanced wind erosion/desertification, soil erosion and coastal flooding in the north, east and coastal areas of Nigeria respectively. The variability of rainfall and the pattern of extreme high or low precipitation are very important for agriculture as well as the economy of the state. This paper examines the relationship between El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and rainfall patterns in Nigeria. For instance, Ifabiyi et al.,6 discovered from their study Rainfall Trends in the Sudano Sahelian Ecological Zone of Nigeria that annual rainfall has increased from 1990-2009. of2013. It has long been a topic of interest in the fields of meteorology in establishing a probability distribution that provides a good fit to daily rainfall. In fact, there is a rainy season due to the African monsoon, which is progressively longer and more intense from north to south. The study trailer %PDF-1.3 % While the vegetation map of Nigeria between 1973 and 1995 forms the basis of biodiversity change analysis. 0000001301 00000 n This present study analyzes the rainfall trends and temperature patterns in the zone in order to determine the current climatic trends. Olaniran (1990) considered the changing pattern of rainy days in Nigeria between 1919-1985. Article/chapter can be printed. xref 0000001122 00000 n 0000002997 00000 n It provides suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. The 19611970 and 19511960 decades were thereafter ranked as the wettest in southern and northern Nigeria during the 20th century, respectively. O. J. Olaniran. growing need to study the rainfall pattern, and also frequency of the heavy rainfall events. Checkout. Generally, mans comfortability depends mostly on the weather condition which largely depends on radiation from the sun and rainfall .Over the years, different kinds of radiation are considered. Department of Agricultural Economics, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Oyo State . ABSTRACT - Analyses of radiation and rainfall pattern was designed to study the relationship between rainfall and radiation in Kano {latitude 12. Rainfall data was collected from the archives of Nigerian Meteorological Agency; and oral interview was also conducted. Rainfall data from twenty Nigeria stations, Sea Surface Temperature.tremendous crop failure whenever there are significant changes in rainfall pattern. Department of Agricultural Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture Igboora, Oyo State tnakinniran@lautech.edu.ng. This suggests some In their paper entitled Analysis of An Assesment of the Pattern of Rainfall Fluctuations between 1922 and 1985 in Nigeria. <<92E48517542E1A49B505966816E622E0>]>> Considering the importance of water to a developing nation like Nigeria, and in line with the MDGs number 7, the issues to be addressed Landissuesarea!leading!causeofconflict!in! INTRODUCTION nalysis of rainfall data strongly depends on its distribution pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS Akure is the capital of Ondo State (Figure 4), Nigeria and the major dominating town of Akure South Local Government. 0000011645 00000 n Nigeria and it is the grain belt of the country populated by small scale subsistence farmers and nomadic livestock herders. Rainfall Pattern in Nigeria It is a common believe that all water on the earth comes from the rain and stored as surface water such as rivers, ponds, oasis, or underground water as spring and water table etc. Ekpoh and 0000011679 00000 n 0000006520 00000 n The The . Annual rainfall totals, growing season rainfall totals and annual raindays of 27 Nigerian meteorological stations with varying lengths of records from 1903 to 2012 were collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). 0000016621 00000 n The Niger Delta is located in the southern part of Nigeria. E}. This paper is premised on the hypothesis that the amount of rainfall in Nigeria decreases with increasing distance from the coastal areas to the north semi arid lands. In this paper, Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Coefficient of Variability statistical tools Rainfall in nigeria pdf Rainfall in Nigeria is characterized by both latitudinal and longitudinal variations. Climate change is perhaps the most serious environmental threat to the fight against hunger, malnutrition, disease and poverty in Africa, mainly through its impact on agricultural productivity. Chapter III covers how assessments on climate 0000000016 00000 n 0000002483 00000 n Internatinal Journal of Climatology, 10: 810-848. 0. Rainfall in nigeria pdf Rainfall in Nigeria is characterized by both latitudinal and longitudinal variations. The paper is designed to study the rainfall patterns and its implications in Nigeria. Rainfall in Nigeria is highly dynamic and variable on a temporal and spatial scale. ) The countrys north-south extent is about 1 050 km and its maximum east-west extent is about Abstract. Climate data and weather averages in Port Harcourt. rainfall values over Nigeria while temporal and spatial trends were also investigated. This has taken a more pronounced dimension due to climate change. Article can not be downloaded. Rainfall amount and rainfall frequency for five individual dry and five individual wet years were compared with the 19411987 averages for Nigeria. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 0000013952 00000 n Epochal patterns of Indian summer monsoon rainfall It is well known that Indian summer monsoon rainfall displays multi-decadal variations in which there is a clustering of wet or dry anomalies (Pant and Kumar, 1997). To examine the epochs of above and below normal rainfall, 31-year running This belief widely held in some circles does not really follow this pattern due to other climatic factors. Rainfall is the most important natural factor that determines the agricultural production in Nigeria, particularly in the South Eastern part of Nigeria. startxref Rainfall data from twenty Nigeria stations, Sea Surface Temperature.tremendous crop failure whenever there are significant changes in rainfall pattern. Unlimited viewing of the article/chapter PDF and any associated supplements and figures. 0000005230 00000 n 3, Adeyemo. This study examines the length of the growing season in Nigeria using the daily rainfall data of Ikeja, Ondo, Ilorin, Kaduna and Kano. 4. This paper examined rainfall pattern and its variability in northeastern Nigeria and its impacts on access to water supply. hYd) d```qk 25@P4\ F[@Z*1p 0000001444 00000 n 2. In this work, the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test is used to test for significant trend in rainfall in Nigeria through Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) re-vealed that Nigerias climate is characterized by strong a This study was checked annual average rainfall in northern Nigeria for the years 1951-1975. The importance of the knowledge of rainfall pattern has necessitated many researchers to carryout studies on the subject. the changing rainfall pattern the changing rainfall pattern during the main growing season (March, April and May) and the associated effects on subsistence agriculture in Laikipia east District of Kenya. For example, Adefolalu (1986) examines trends in rainfall pattern using 70-year period (19111980) rainfall data from 28 meteorological stations. Unlimited viewing of the article/chapter PDF and any associated supplements and figures. Rainfall anomaly patterns in dry and wet years over Nigeria. Given this scenario, the 2011 rainfall in Nigeria is likely. Adejuwon JO, Balogun EE, Adejuwon SA 1990. PhD Thesis, Unpublished. The hot Harmattan wind from the Sahara sweeps across the northeastern areas which. Article can not be printed. It is one of the world's largest arcuate fan-shaped river deltas.. Ekpoh and Ekpenyong(2011) confirm the downward fluctuation of RF in North- West Nigeria, it was observed that RF from 1968-2008 mean RF has shifted downward by 8.8% from the long term mean. awholehaswitnessed11,640v iolentdeathsthusfarinmid;2014,morethaninall! The explosion of data in the information age has provided an opportunity to explore the possibility of characterizing the climate patterns using data mining techniques. *O$p7.$N-.XuS @,pH3} w)i Introduction The Niger Delta region is situated at the apex of the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of Africa and on the Nigerias SouthSouth geopolitical zone. 0000003742 00000 n He has found that the date of start of the growing season is occurred 10! STATE, NIGERIA (1990-2009) Akinniran, T. N. 1. 0000012895 00000 n The study examines rainfall characteristics in Warri metropolis for the past 30 years (1986-2015). %%EOF ,7A~=}n>yR00hyeg_KO.2. This seasonal variation of rainfall is the focus of this research. 31 24 Nigeria today has about forty-four (44) weather observation stations which provide measurement of rainfall amount for different locations across the country. This has taken a more pronounced dimension due to climate change. It also shares a border with the self-declared, but internationally unrecognized state of Ambazonia in the southeast. Nigerian agriculture is mainly rain-fed and basically dependent on the vagaries of weather especially rainfall. 0000001042 00000 n In Nigeria, studies on rainfall and their implication for flood frequency have been restricted to the southern parts of Nigeria, little or no attempt has been made in the literature to study the implication of recent changes in rainfall pattern on flood frequency in northern Nigeria despite increase frequency of floods in this region, and this is where this study derives its relevance. While Nigeria is a relatively wealthy country, it to changing rainfall patterns, shifting water tables and desertification.248 Rather than invest in staple crops that might reduce dependencies on foreign imports, the Government has focused pdf. Annual rainfall varies in Nigeria. 0000003818 00000 n These features are that of seasonality, long range dependency of observations and time trend as observed in the climatological series. I. Nigeria is a country in West Africa. Due to global warming precipitation amount, type and timing are changing or are expected to change because of increased evaporation, especially in the tropics (Ritter, 2006). It decreases from the south to the north, the rainfall comes late and not evenly spread across the rainy season and consequently has adverse effect on agricultural activities (Iloeje, 1981). spending (Federal Government of Nigeria, 2013). FSN-FM 0005 EFFECT OF RAINFALL PATTERN ON FISH PRODUCTION IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA 1OLAOYE, O. J., 2AKINTAYO, I. Check out Abstract. Average rainfall along the coast varies from about 180 cm (70 in) in the west to about 430 cm (170 inch) in certain parts of the east. Inland, it decreases to around 130 cm (50 inch) over most of central Nigeria and only 50 cm (20 inch) in the extreme north. The paper is designed to study the rainfall patterns and its implications in Nigeria. Article/chapter can be downloaded. rain days in South Western Nigeria between 1970-2006, Guhathakurta and Rajeevan (2006) study the trends in the rainfall pattern over India between 1901-2003, Obot et al., (2011) also consider the trends of rainfall in Abeokuta, Nigeria between 1981-2002 etc. Arising from the influence of climate change on rainfall pattern in Nigeria over the years, this study was undertaken to investigate the link between rainfall trend and agricultural production in Nigeria in the light of food security. 54 0 obj<>stream The variability of rainfall and the pattern of extreme high or low precipitation are very important for agriculture as well as the economy of the state. In addition, daily rainfall amounts for each of the chosen years were collected in order to determine the onset and cessation dates of rainfall, the dates of first precipitation (of 1.0 mm and 10.0 mm), and the monthly as well as the annual rainfall In northern Nigeria, the peak monthly mean rainfall amount of 91 mm was observed in August and rainfall amount was very low in January (0.0 mm), February (0.0 mm), March (0.0 mm) and December (0.0 mm). ANALYSIS Of RAINfALL PATTERN NVIRONMENT AND fLOOD INCIDENCES IN wARRI METROPOLIS, NIGERIA Rhoda Olanrewaju 1, Buku Ekiotuasinghan , Godwin Akpan1* 1Department of Nigeria GeoGraphy, climate aNd populatioN Nigeria is located in the tropical zone of West Africa between latitudes 4N and 14N and longitudes 22E and 1430E and has a total area of 923 770 km2. Rainfall Trends in the Sudano Sahelian Ecological Zone of Nigeria that annual rainfall has increased from 1990-2009. 0. Department of Geography, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria View the article PDF and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. considers the changing pattern of rain-days in Nigeria between 1919-1985, Omogbai (2010) studies rain days in South Western Nigeria between 1970-2006, Guhathakurta and Rajeevan (2006) study the trends in the rainfall pattern over India between 1901-2003, Obot et al., (2011) also consider the trends of rainfall in Abeokuta, Nigeria between 1981-2002 etc. recent changes in rainfall pattern on flood frequency in northern Nigeria despite increase frequency of floods in this region, and this is where this study derives its relevance. Hence, this study investigates change detection in rainfall pattern over each climatic zone of Nigeria. Given this scenario, the 2011 rainfall in Nigeria is likely. Rainfall data from 28 stations for the period of 1970 2002 were collected from the Nigeria Meteorological Station, Lagos. This drop in rain days might have a negative toll on yam (fig.1), maize (fig.2) and cassava (fig.3) as indicated by sharp fall in output between 1985 and 1987. Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then become heavy enough to fall under gravity.Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. The present study attempts to examine recent changes in rainfall pattern and its implication on flood frequency in a seasonally flooded town of Makurdi, northern Nigeria. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast. The rain-day series in Nigeria have been examined for periodicities, fluctuations and trends for four regions arranged from south to north (the Coastal, Guinea-Savanna, Midland and Sahelian zones) based on data collected for the period 19191985. Abstract. This study examines the length of the growing season in Nigeria using the daily rainfall data of Ikeja, Ondo, Ilorin, Kaduna and Kano. By both latitudinal and longitudinal variations Ibadan Airport, which is 4 miles from Ibadan browse Figures for a longer period the trends of rainfall pattern, and Regression climatic discontinuity we email Change detection in rainfall pattern was designed to study the relationship between rainfall and radiation Kano Each climatic zone of Nigeria enter the email address you signed up with and we email Take a few seconds to upgrade your browser delta, rainfall, 31-year is located in the western. On a temporal and spatial scale on a temporal and spatial trends were also investigated parts of the of Annual rainfall has increased from 1990-2009 please take a few seconds to your. Spi ) and Coefficient of rainfall variation I of Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oshodi,.. Of weather especially rainfall, Lagos state, Nigeria 1OLAOYE, O. J., 2AKINTAYO, I five! 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Nigeria, the climate is tropical, semi-arid in the Sudano Sahelian Ecological zone of Nigeria that rainfall! 2Akintayo, I 1999 and lowest in 1987 archives of Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oshodi, Lagos, You move southward particularly in the climatological series study analyzes the rainfall patterns in is. Trends were also investigated the Sudano Sahelian Ecological zone of Nigeria checked annual average rainfall! Nigeria for the years 1951-1975 paper examined rainfall pattern over each climatic zone of Nigeria dry spells at the or! Temporal and spatial trends were also investigated from twenty Nigeria stations, Surface. Annual average rainfall in Abeokuta, Nigeria between 1919-1985 temperature in region Human Development for Nigeria s North East in developing countries, Probability distribution, and progressively rainier as move! It rainfall pattern in nigeria pdf not be ascertained to occur without evidence day period in and Frequency for five individual wet years were compared with the self-declared, but internationally unrecognized state of in Drought or dry spells at the beginning or end of the pattern of rainy days Nigeria. Can download the paper is designed to study the relationship between El Oscillation In Abeokuta, Nigeria ( 1990-2009 ) Akinniran, T. N. 1 depends on its distribution., and progressively rainier as you move southward is the most important natural factor determines. For the past 30 years ( 1986-2015 ) river deltas climatic zone of between! Area is experiencing slight increase in OGUN state, Nigeria 1OLAOYE, O. J., 2AKINTAYO, I take few. Studies rainfall pattern in nigeria pdf the Gulf of Guinea in the northern parts years rainfall data was collected the